Original issue date: November 21, 1996<BR>
Last revised: September 24, 1997<BR>
Updated copyright statement
<P>A complete revision history is at the end of this file.
<P>The CERT Coordination Center has received reports of a serious security
problem in sendmail that affects versions 8.7 through 8.8.2. By exploiting
this vulnerability, any local user can gain root access. Exploitation details
involving this vulnerability have been widely distributed.
<P>Independent of this new vulnerability, there are other security problems
with older sendmail versions. Even if you are not running a version between
8.7 and 8.8.2, we strongly encourage you to upgrade to the current version
of sendmail (8.8.3). See Section IV for details.
<P>The CERT/CC team recommends installing vendor patches or upgrading to the
current version of sendmail (8.8.3). Until you can do so, we urge you to
apply the workaround provided in Section III.C. In all cases, be sure to
take the extra precautions listed in Section III.D.
<P>We will update this advisory as we receive additional information. Please
check advisory files regularly for updates that relate to your site. In
addition, you can check <A HREF=ftp://ftp.cert.org/pub/latest_sw_versions/sendmail>ftp://ftp.cert.org/pub/latest_sw_versions/sendmail</A>
to identify the most current version of sendmail.
<P><HR>
<H2>I. Description</H2>
Sendmail is often run in daemon mode so that it can "listen" for
incoming mail connections on the standard SMTP networking port, usually
port 25. The root user is the only user allowed to start sendmail this
way, and sendmail contains code intended to enforce this restriction.
<P>Unfortunately, due to a coding error, sendmail can be invoked in daemon
mode in a way that bypasses the built-in check. When the check is
bypassed, any local user is able to start sendmail in daemon mode. In
addition, as of version 8.7, sendmail will restart itself when it
receives a SIGHUP signal. It does this restarting operation by
re-executing itself using the <I>exec(2)</I> system call. Re-executing is done
as the root user. By manipulating the sendmail environment, the user can
then have sendmail execute an arbitrary program with root privileges.
<H2>II. Impact</H2>
Local users can gain root privileges on the local machine.
<H2>III. Solution</H2>
Install a patch from your vendor if one is available (Section A) or
upgrade to the current version of sendmail (Section B). Until you can
take one of those actions, we recommend applying the workaround described
in Section C. In all cases, you should take the precautions described in
Section D.
<H3>A. Install a vendor patch.</H3>
Below is a list of vendors who have provided information about
sendmail. Details are in Appendix A of this advisory; we will update
the appendix as we receive more information. If your vendor's name is
not on this list, please contact the vendor directly.
<UL>
Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDI)<BR>
Data General Corporation<BR>
Digital Equipment Corporation<BR>
FreeBSD<BR>
Hewlett-Packard Company<BR>
IBM Corporation<BR>
Linux<BR>
NeXT Software, Inc.<BR>
Open Software Foundation (OSF)<BR>
The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. (SCO)<BR>
Silicon Graphics, Inc.<BR>
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
</UL>
<H3>B. Upgrade to the current version of sendmail.</H3>
Install sendmail 8.8.3. This version is a "drop in" replacement for
8.8.x. There is no patch for any version of sendmail before 8.8.0.
If you are running such a version, strongly consider moving to
version 8.8.3.
<P>Sendmail 8.8.3 is available from
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.sendmail.org/ucb/src/sendmail/sendmail.8.8.3.tar.gz>ftp://ftp.sendmail.org/ucb/src/sendmail/sendmail.8.8.3.tar.gz</A>
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cert.org/pub/tools/sendmail/>ftp://ftp.cert.org/pub/tools/sendmail/sendmail.8.8.3.tar.gz</A>
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cert.dfn.de/pub/tools/net/sendmail/sendmail.8.8.3.tar.gz>ftp://ftp.cert.dfn.de/pub/tools/net/sendmail/sendmail.8.8.3.tar.gz</A>
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/mirrors/ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/ucb/sendmail/*>ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/mirrors/ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/ucb/sendmail/*</A>
<P>MD5 (sendmail.8.8.3.tar.gz) = 0cb58caae93a19ac69ddd40660e01646
<P>Also in that directory are .Z and .sig files. The .Z file contains
the same bits as the .gz file, but is compressed using UNIX compress
instead of gzip. The .sig is Eric Allman's PGP signature for the
uncompressed tar file. The key fingerprint is
<PRE>
Type bits/keyID Date User ID
pub 1024/BF7BA421 1995/02/23 Eric P. Allman <eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU>
Key fingerprint = C0 28 E6 7B 13 5B 29 02 6F 7E 43 3A 48 4F 45 29
Eric P. Allman <eric@Reference.COM>
Eric P. Allman <eric@Usenix.ORG>
Eric P. Allman <eric@Sendmail.ORG>
Eric P. Allman <eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU>
</PRE>
<P>When you change to a new version of sendmail, we strongly recommend
also changing to the configuration files that are provided with that
version. Significant work has been done to make this task easier.
(In fact, it is highly likely that older configuration files will
not work correctly with sendmail version 8.) It is now possible to
build a sendmail configuration file (sendmail.cf) using the
configuration files provided with the sendmail release. Consult the
cf/README file for a more complete explanation. Creating your
configuration files using this method makes it easier to incorporate
future changes to sendmail into your configuration files.
<P>Sun sendmail users: A paper is available to help you convert your
sendmail configuration files from the Sun version of sendmail to one
that works with sendmail version 8.8.x. The paper is entitled
"Converting Standard Sun Config Files to Sendmail Version 8" and was
written by Rick McCarty of Texas Instruments Inc. It is included in
the distribution and is located in contrib/converting.sun.configs.
<H3>C. Apply a workaround.</H3>
Eric Allman, the author of sendmail, has provided the following
workaround.
<P>This vulnerability relies on a coding error that has existed in
sendmail since November 1982, allowing non-root users to start up an
SMTP daemon by invoking sendmail as smtpd. However, that error did
not have the current negative implications until sendmail added the
ability to re-execute when a SIGHUP signal was received; this was
added in 8.7.
<P>The anti-smtpd program given in Appendix B refuses to permit sendmail
to be invoked as smtpd by a non-root user. It should be installed
setuid root in place of sendmail (e.g., as /usr/sbin/sendmail or
/usr/lib/sendmail, depending on your system); the real sendmail
should be moved to another place. That location should be set in the
REAL_SENDMAIL definition, and it should not be accessible by ordinary
users. This permits the anti-smtpd program to moderate access to
sendmail.
<H3>D. Take additional precautions</H3>
Regardless of which solution you apply, you should take these extra
precautions to protect your systems. These precautions do not address
the vulnerabilities described herein, but are recommended as good
practices to follow for the safer operation of sendmail.
<UL>
<LI>Use the sendmail restricted shell program (smrsh)
</UL>
<P>With *all* versions of sendmail, use the sendmail restricted shell
program (smrsh). You should do this whether you use vendor-supplied
sendmail or install sendmail yourself. Using smrsh gives you
improved administrative control over the programs sendmail executes
on behalf of users.
<P>A number of sites have reported some confusion about the need to
continue using the sendmail restricted shell program (smrsh) when
they install a vendor patch or upgrade to a new version of
sendmail. You should always use the smrsh program.
<P>smrsh is included in the sendmail distribution in the subdirectory
smrsh. See the RELEASE_NOTES file for a description of how to
integrate smrsh into your sendmail configuration file.
<P>smrsh is also distributed with some operating systems.
<P>
<UL>
<LI>Use mail.local
</UL>
If you run /bin/mail based on BSD 4.3 UNIX, replace /bin/mail with
mail.local, which is included in the sendmail distribution. As of
Solaris 2.5 and beyond, mail.local is included with the standard
distribution. It is also included with some other operating systems
distributions, such as FreeBSD.
<P>Although the current version of mail.local is not a perfect
solution, it is important to use it because it addresses
vulnerabilities that are being exploited. For more details, see
CERT advisory <A HREF="http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-95.02.binmail.vulnerabilities.html">CA-95.02</A>.
<P>To use mail.local, replace all references to /bin/mail with
/usr/lib/mail.local. If you are using the M4(1)-based configuration
scheme provided with sendmail 8.X, add the following to your
configuration file:
<P>define(`LOCAL_MAILER_PATH', /usr/lib/mail.local)
<UL>
<LI>WARNING: Check for setuid executable copies of old versions of
mail programs
</UL>
<P>If you leave setuid executable copies of older versions of
sendmail installed in /usr/lib (on some systems, it may be
installed elsewhere), the vulnerabilities in those versions could
be exploited if an intruder gains access to your system. This
applies to sendmail.mx as well as other sendmail programs. Either
delete these versions or change the protections on them to be
non-executable.
<P>Similarly, if you replace /bin/mail with mail.local, remember to
remove old copies of /bin/mail or make them non-executable.
<H2>IV. Additional Notes</H2>
Two other sendmail vulnerabilities are described in CERT advisory <A HREF="http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-96.20.sendmail_vul.html">CA-96.20</A>; see that advisory for details.
<P>Since the release of CA-96.20, two additional sendmail vulnerabilities
have been discovered and fixed. By upgrading to sendmail version 8.8.3,
the two problems, noted below, are also fixed. Note that the wrapper
described in Section III.C does not address these vulnerabilities. The
best advice is to upgrade to sendmail version 8.8.3.
<H3>A. A vulnerability in sendmail Versions 8.8.0 and 8.8.1 has been discovered that allows remote users to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.</H3>
This vulnerability exploits exploiting a
problem related to a buffer overflow when converting between 7-bit
and 8-bit MIME messages. Versions prior to Version 8.8.0 do not
contain this vulnerability. Versions before 8.7.6 contain other
unrelated vulnerabilities. This vulnerability is fixed in version
8.8.2 and beyond. The Australian Emergency Response Team (AUSCERT)
issued an advisory on this vulnerability, AA-96.06a, available from
<P>
<A HREF=http://www.auscert.org.au/>http://www.auscert.org.au/</A>
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/>ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/</A>
<H3>B. A problem in sendmail has been reported that permits users on a system to redirect any email in the queue addressed to an unqualified
domain name to a host of their choosing</H3>
that is, they can steal queued
email. In some versions of the resolver, they may also be able to
steal queued email addressed to fully qualified addresses. This bug
is believed to exist in all versions of sendmail up to and including
8.8.0. It is fixed in version 8.8.1 and beyond.
<P><HR>
<H2>Appendix A - Vendor Information</H2>
Below is a list of the vendors who have provided information for this
advisory. We will update this appendix as we receive additional information.
If you do not see your vendor's name, please contact the vendor directly.
<P>
<H3>Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDI)</H3>
BSD/OS is vulnerable to the sendmail daemon problem and we have issued an
official patch (U210-029) which may be obtained from our mail-back patches
server at<P>
<A HREF=mailto:patches@BSDI.COM>patches@BSDI.COM</A>
<P>or via anonymous ftp from:
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.bsdi.com/bsdi/patches/patches-2.1/U210-029>ftp://ftp.bsdi.com/bsdi/patches/patches-2.1/U210-029</A>
<H3>Data General Corporation</H3>
The sendmail included with Data General's DG/UX is not subject to this
vulnerability.
<H3>Digital Equipment Corporation</H3>
DIGITAL Engineering is aware of these reported problems and testing is
currently underway to determine the impact against all currently supported
releases of DIGITAL UNIX and ULTRIX. Patches will be developed (as
necessary) and made available via your normal DIGITAL Support
channel. Notice will be through normal AES services and DIGITAL'S Web site
<P>
<A HREF=http://www.service.digital.com/html/whats-new.html>http://www.service.digital.com/html/whats-new.html</A>
<H3>FreeBSD</H3>
All currently shipping releases of FreeBSD are affected, including the just
released 2.1.6. An update for 2.1.6 will be available shortly. This problem
has been corrected in the -current sources. In the mean time, FreeBSD users
should follow the instructions in the CERT advisory. Sendmail will compile
and operate "out of the box" on FreeBSD systems.
<H3>Hewlett-Packard Company</H3>
HPSBUX9704-059
<P>HEWLETT-PACKARD SECURITY BULLETIN: #00059, 30 April 1997
<P>Description: Sendmail patches for HP-UX releases 9.X thru 10.20
<P>Security Bulletins are available from the HP Electronic<BR>
Support Center via electronic mail.
<P>User your browser to get to the HP Electronic Support<BR>
Center page at:
<P>
<A HREF=http://us-support.external.hp.com>http://us-support.external.hp.com</A>
<BR>
(for US, Canada, Asia-Pacific, & Latin-America)
<P>
<A HREF=http://europe-support.external.hp.com>http://europe-support.external.hp.com</A>
<BR>
(for Europe)
<H3>IBM Corporation</H3>
See the appropriate release below to determine your action.
<H4>AIX 3.2</H4>
No fix required. AIX 3.2 sendmail is not vulnerable.
<H4>AIX 4.1</H4>
No fix required. AIX 4.1 sendmail is not vulnerable.
<H4>AIX 4.2</H4>
AIX 4.2 sendmail is vulnerable.
<P>APAR IX63068 will be available shortly.
<P>To determine if you have this APAR on your system, run the following
command:
<PRE>
instfix -ik IX63068
</PRE>
<H4>To Order</H4>
APARs may be ordered using Electronic Fix Distribution (via FixDist)
or from the IBM Support Center. For more information on FixDist,
reference URL:
<P>
<A HREF=http://service.software.ibm.com/aixsupport/>http://service.software.ibm.com/aixsupport/</A>
<P>or send e-mail to
<A HREF=mailto:aixserv@austin.ibm.com>aixserv@austin.ibm.com</A>
with a subject of "FixDist".
<P>IBM and AIX are registered trademarks of International Business Machines
Corporation.
<H3>Linux</H3>
Linux has provided these URLs for S.u.S.E. Linux:
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.suse.de/suse_update/S.u.S.E.-4.3/sendmail>ftp://ftp.suse.de/suse_update/S.u.S.E.-4.3/sendmail</A>
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/suse/suse_update/S.u.S.E.-4.3/sendmail>ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/suse/suse_update/S.u.S.E.-4.3/sendmail</A>
<P>Checksums for the files in these directories:
<PRE>
6279df0597c972bff65623da5898d5dc sendmail.tgz
0c0d20eecb1019ab4e629b103cac485c sendmail-8.8.3.dif
0cb58caae93a19ac69ddd40660e01646 sendmail-8.8.3.tar.gz
</PRE>
<H3>Caldera OpenLinux has released a security advisory, available from</H3>
<P><A HREF=http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/cnd-1.0/security/SA-96.06.html>http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/cnd-1.0/security/SA-96.06.html</A>
<H3>Red Hat has patched sendmail 8.7.6.</H3>
The fixes are available from
<P>Red Hat Linux/Intel:<BR>
rpm -Uvh <A HREF=ftp://ftp.redhat.com/updates/4.0/i386/sendmail-8.7.6-5.i386.rpm>ftp://ftp.redhat.com/updates/4.0/i386/sendmail-8.7.6-5.i386.rpm</A>
<P>Red Hat Linux/Alpha:<BR>
rpm -Uvh <A HREF=ftp://ftp.redhat.com/updates/4.0/axp/sendmail-8.7.6-5.axp.rpm>ftp://ftp.redhat.com/updates/4.0/axp/sendmail-8.7.6-5.axp.rpm</A>
<H3>NeXT Software, Inc.</H3>
NeXT is not vulnerable to the problem described in Section IV.A.
NeXT is vulnerable to the problem described in Section IV.B, and it
will be fixed in release 4.2 of OpenStep/Mach.
<H3>Open Software Foundation (OSF)</H3>
OSF/1 R1.3 is not vulnerable to this problem.
<H3>The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. (SCO)</H3>
SCO is investigating the problem and will have more information in the
near future.
<P>If we find that patches are needed, please check the following URLs
and this advisory appendix.
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.sco.com/SLS/README>ftp://ftp.sco.com/SLS/README</A>
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.sco.com/SSE/README>ftp://ftp.sco.com/SSE/README</A>
<H3>Silicon Graphics, Inc.</H3>
Silicon Graphics has historically provided a version 8.6.x sendmail
program. The most recent SGI sendmail patch (1502) provides a version
8.6.12 sendmail program also.
<P>The versions of sendmail provided in the distributed Silicon Graphics IRIX
operating system versions 5.2, 5.3, 6.0, 6.0.1, 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 (and in
SGI patch 1502, which is the latest released patch for sendmail) are not
vulnerable to the exploitation as described in the CERT Advisory CA-96.24.
<P>No further action is required.
<P>Silicon Graphics also published an advisory for their customers on November
21, 1996--SGI advisory number 19961103-01-I. SGI advisories are
available from
<P>
<A HREF=http://www.sgi.com/Support/Secur/advisories.html>http://www.sgi.com/Support/Secur/advisories.html</A>
<P>
<A HREF=ftp://sgigate.sgi.com/security/>ftp://sgigate.sgi.com/security/</A>
<H3>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</H3>
No Sun versions of sendmail are affected by this vulnerability.
<HR>
<H2>Appendix B - anti-smtpd.c</H2>
Below is the code for the anti-smtpd.c sendmail wrapper. Here is an example
of how to compile and install this wrapper. You may have to change these
commands for your system. Further, you may have to change the code for
anti-smtpd.c to get it to compile on your system. Finally, you may also have
to turn off sendmail before running these commands and then turn sendmail back
on after running them. Run these commands as root.
<UL>
# mkdir /usr/hidden<BR>
# chmod 700 /usr/hidden<BR>
# mv /usr/lib/sendmail /usr/hidden/sendmail<BR>
# cc anti-smtpd.c -o anti-smtpd<BR>
# mv anti-smtpd /usr/lib/sendmail<BR>
# chmod u+s /usr/lib/sendmail
</UL>
Here is the code for anti-smtpd.c:
<UL>
#include <stdio.h><BR>
#include <string.h><BR>
#include <syslog.h><BR>
#include <sysexits.h>
</UL>
static char *Version = "Version 1.0 November 21, 1996";
<PRE>
/*
** Sendmail wrapper for CA-96.24 HUP to smtpd problem
**
** This is trivial -- it just ensures that sendmail cannot be
** invoked as smtpd.
**
** To install this, move the real sendmail into /usr/hidden,
** which should be a mode 700 directory owned by root. Install
** this program setuid root in place of sendmail.
*/
#ifndef REAL_SENDMAIL
# define REAL_SENDMAIL "/usr/hidden/sendmail"
#endif
main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
char *p;
extern int errno;
if (argc < 1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "sendmail: need a program name\n");
exit(EX_USAGE);
}
p = strrchr(argv[0], '/');
if (p == NULL)
p = argv[0];
else
p++;
if (strcmp(p, "smtpd") == 0 && getuid() != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "sendmail: cannot be invoked as smtpd\n");
syslog(LOG_ALERT, "sendmail: invoked as smtpd by %d", getuid());
exit(EX_USAGE);
}
execv(REAL_SENDMAIL, argv);
fprintf(stderr, "sendmail: cannot exec %s: errno = %d\n",
REAL_SENDMAIL, errno);
exit(EX_OSFILE);
}
</PRE>
<HR>
<P>The CERT Coordination Center thanks Eric Allman and AUSCERT for their
contributions to the development of this advisory.
<P><HR>
<!--#include virtual="/include/footer_nocopyright.html" -->
<P>Copyright 1996 Carnegie Mellon University.</P>
<HR>
Revision History
<PRE>
Sep.24, 1997 Updated copyright statement<BR>
May 8, 1997 Appendix A - updated vendor information for Hewlett-Packard.
Nov. 22, 1996 Updates - added vendor information for Silicon Graphics.
Modified Hewlett Packard's patch information.
</PRE>
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