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Mobile devices present yet another class of stakeholders that has grown distinct in recent years. The device vendors themselves are most akin to IoT vendors, but app developers can be quite a diverse bunch, ranging from very large traditional software companies, to cloud service providers, to novices with a good idea and a few hours of coding. Perhaps the most significant outstanding issue is that many mobile devices have multi-stage, vertical supply chains, each step of which can stand in the way of security updates reaching their intended beneficiaries (i.e., the users) \ [1]. In both the mobile and IoT spaces, high-viscosity supply chains are bad for end-user security.

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